Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies

Nama: Anas Fathin

Kelas: 2EA06

NPM: 10211698  

Tugas: Softskill B.Inggris

 Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies

Abstract: Organizational Commitment has been conceptualised & measured in different ways. This study is an attempt to identify the factors influencing organizational commitment of banking sector employees in Chennai. It is also important as suggestions can be given to the banking sector in order to bring an awareness of the commitment level of employees. Gaining awareness of commitment level and the respective influencing factor will help concentrate on increasing the commitment of employees. Using the measures developed by Mowday; Steers and Porter, the researchers have exploited Factor analysis by Principle Component Method to identify the factors influencing the organizational commitment of employees of PSBs and NPSBs.
Key Words: Organisational Commitment (OC), Public sector banks (PSBs), New private sector Banks (NPSBs), Work Commitment.
1. Introduction
The concept of commitment in the workplace is still one of the most challenging and researched concepts in the fields of management, organizational behavior, and HRM. A variety of studies have been conducted to explore the concept of organizational commitment (OC). Although there have been several definitions and measures of OC , Meyer and Allen’s (1991) three- component model of OC has been the dominant framework for OC research in the past decade because it is based on a more comprehensive understanding of OC. The three-component model consists of: (a) affirmative commitment (AC) is the emotional attachment to one’s organization, (b) continuance commitment (CC) is the attachment based on the accumulation of valued side bets such as pension, skill transferability, relocation, and self-investment that co-vary with organizational membership); and, (c) normative commitment (NC) attachment that is based on motivation to conform to social norms regarding attachment. This study is an attempt to identify the factors influencing organizational commitment of banking sector employees in Chennai. It is imperative as suggestions may be given to the banking sector in order to bring an awareness of the commitment level of employees. Gaining awareness of commitment level and the respective influencing factors will minister to concentrate on increasing the commitment of employees. The objectives of the study are
1. To identify the factors influencing Organizational Commitment of employees in banking sector - Chennai
2. To give suggestions to the Banking sector about the factors influencing Employee commitment level in the organization as it in turn influences the productivity and services to the nation
Definition of Organizational Commitment
Hall, Schneider & Nygren (1970) define organizational commitment as the “process by which the goals of the organizations and those of the individual become increasingly integrated and congruent”. Sheldon (1971) defines organizational commitment as an attitude or an orientation towards the organizations, which links or attracts the identity of the person to the organizations. Salancik (1977) defines organizational commitment as “a state of being in which an individual becomes bound by actions to beliefs that sustains activities and involvement”. Porter, Steers, Mowday & Boulian (1974), define organizational commitment as “the strength of an individual’s identification with and involvement in a particular organization”. They
20
characterize it by three psychological factors: desire to remain in an organization, willingness to exert considerable efforts on its behalf and belief in and acceptance of its goals and values hold.
2. Literature Review
Becker (1960) made one of the earliest approaches to advance a comprehensive conceptual framework about the concept of commitment that presents a thorough perspective on the individual's relationship with the organization. According to this theory, committed employees are committed because they have totally hidden or somewhat hidden investments, “side-bets,” they have made by remaining in a given organization. The term “side-bets” was used by Becker (1960) to refer to the accumulation of investments valued by the individual that would be lost if he or she were to leave the organization. He argued that over a period of time certain costs accrue that make it more difficult for the person to disengage from a consistent pattern of activity, namely, maintaining membership in the organization. The threat of losing these investments, along with a perceived lack of alternatives to replace or make up for the loss of them, commits the person to the organization. Becker's approach sees a close connection between the process of commitment and the process of turnover. In fact, it identifies OC as a major factor in the explanation of voluntary turnover.
Becker (1960) concept of commitment represents a component of attitudinal commitment because he emphasized the awareness of the costs associated with leaving the organization. However, their argument is untenable. Becker defined commitment as a consistent line of activity (i.e., maintaining membership in the organization) and attempted to explain what causes this inconsistency. Therefore, Becker's view of commitment seems to be more congruent with the behavioral rather than attitudinal approach of Porter and his colleagues. Alutto, Hrebiniak & Alonso (1973) Commitment, according to their study, was measured by evaluating the reasons causing a person to leave his organization. Porter, Steers, Mowday & Boulian (1974) focused on commitment with respect to the psychological attachment one had towards the organization. The attitudinal approach advanced by Porter and his colleagues attempted to describe commitment as a focused attitude, uncontaminated by other constructs such as behavioral intentions. Accordingly, commitment was defined by Porter and his supporters as the relative strength of an individual's identification in an organization”.
Mowday, Steers & Porter (1979) Considered commitment as an alternative construct to job satisfaction and argued that commitment can sometimes predict turnover better than job satisfaction. Commitment was characterized by three related factors: (1) a strong belief in and acceptance of the organization's goals and values; (2) a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization; and (3) a strong desire to maintain membership in the organization”. Mowday, Porter & Steers (1982) argues that the willingness to perform actions in support of the organization reflects more of a mindset rather than behavioral intentions, and therefore, items such as the ones above reflect the attitudinal approach of the OCQ. However, some of the critiques did convince researchers to be more cautious in the application of the OCQ. The solution found by these researchers was to use a shorter version of the scale, a 9-item version that omitted the six negatively phrased items or a 12-item version that omitted the three items supposedly dealing with turnover intentions. Due to the criticism of the scale, whether justifiable or not, the need for an alternative to the OCQ became evident, with the call coming from two sources. One of them was the O’Reilly, Chatman & Caldwell (1986) approach that was specifically advanced as a conceptual and operational alternative to the OCQ. Meyer & Allen (1984) aimed at an improved examination of the side-bet approach using scales more appropriate for their goal. Later on, it was the. Meyer & Allen (1984) methodological paper that became the dominant approach to OC.
O’Reilly, Chatman & Caldwell (1986) built their approach upon what they portrayed as the problematic state of commitment research, namely the failure to differentiate carefully among the antecedents and consequences of commitment on the one hand, and the basis for attachment on the other. They defined commitment as the psychological attachment felt by the person for the organization, reflecting the degree to which the individual internalizes or adopts the characteristics or perspectives of the organization. They argued that one's psychological attachment may be predicted by three independent factors: (a) compliance or instrumental involvement for specific, extrinsic rewards; (b) identification or involvement based on a desire for affiliation; and (c) internalization or involvement predicated on the congruence between individual and
21
organizational values. Conceptually, O’Reilly, Chatman & Caldwell (1986) made a clear distinction between two processes of commitment, the instrumental exchange one and the psychological attachment one. The compliance dimension that represents the exchange process leads to a somewhat shallower attachment to the organization. The deeper attachment, according to O’Reilly, Chatman & Caldwell (1986), results from the psychological attachment formed by the two other dimensions, namely identification and internalization. Another interesting contribution of O’Reilly, Chatman & Caldwell (1986) was their view of the relationship between OC and outcomes.
Meyer and Allen (1991) hold that organizational commitment is a multidimensional construct comprising three components: affective, continuance and normative. Affective commitment has been defined as an employee’s emotional attachment to identification with and involvement in the organization. Employees with a strong affective commitment will remain in the organization because they want to. Continuance commitment on the other hand has to do with one’s awareness of the costs associated with leaving the present organization. Employees whose commitment is in the nature of continuance will remain in the organization because they have to. The third component, normative commitment has to do with feeling of obligations to the organization based on one’s personal norms and values. Employees’ whose commitment to the organization is said to be of the normative type remains in the organization simply because they believe they ought to. Rubin & Buttlar (1992) conducted a study to examine the organizational commitment of high school library media specialists in Ohio by employing the measure developed by Mowday, Porter, and Steers (1979). Hovekamp (1994) explored the organizational commitment of professional library employees in unionized and non-unionized research libraries. Hovekamp (1994) employed the measure developed by Mowday, Porter, and Steers (1979). However, no attempt was made to evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale so far, as construct validity and internal reliability are concerned. Vandenberg and Sep (1994) concluded that the identification scale contributed nothing beyond the explanations already captured through the OCQ.
Ko, Price & Mueller (1997) examined the Meyer and Allen scales and argued that there are conceptual problems with the scales and that those problems may be responsible for the psychometric difficulties found in the scales. Ko, Price & Mueller (1997) contended that Meyer & Allen (1984) did not offer a precise definition of commitment that embraces the affective, continuance, and normative components. They simply noted that what is common to the three components is a “psychological state” that links the employee to the organization, but it is not clear what is meant by this psychological state. Ko, Price & Mueller (1997) found a lack of discriminant validity of NC (e.g. normative commitment) is troublesome because it appears that there is considerable conceptual overlap between NC and AC (e.g. affective commitment). As indicated above, the normative component of commitment is based on the belief that it is the right thing to remain with the organization and that AC is attachment to the organization such that the strongly committed individual identifies with, is involved in, and enjoys membership in the organization. It is unclear how NC can be conceptually separable from AC. They concluded that because of the above mentioned problems considerable conceptual work needed to be done, and new measures should be developed to adequately assess the new conceptualizations. Meyer & Allen (1984) were aware of some of the problems associated with the three-dimensional scales. Throughout the years, some changes in the scales were proposed and tested. For example, a shorter 6-item version of the three scales was advanced, a revised normative commitment scale was also proposed, and a two dimensional continuance commitment scale was also suggested by Meyer & Allen (1991). While these changes did improve some of the psychometric properties of the scales, they posed a dilemma for researchers as to which version of the scales to use.
Bennett & Durkin (2000) concluded quite correctly that internalization and identification appear to be tapping similar constructs and that the compliance dimension does not really reflect psychological attachment to the organization. The literature review argues that most of the approaches to OC developed so far have the potential to contribute to a better understanding of OC and thus cannot be ignored in any re-conceptualization of commitment. Adherence to attitudinal issues will prevent possible negative effects on the construct validity of commitment definitions. Second, in terms of the outcomes of commitment, the benefits of commitment should go beyond turnover, as already suggested by O’Reilly, Chatman & Caldwell (1986). The strong relationship found between commitment and organizational citizenship behavior supports the usefulness of commitment in explaining other valuable outcomes in the workplace. Third, more
22
attention should be given to the notion of time in the conceptualization of commitment. The instability of the factor structures of commitment across different timeframes
Vandenberg & Sep (1994) suggested that employees have difficulty understanding the meaning of the items typically included in measurements of commitment in different stages in their organizational career. Fourth, the role of normative commitment and continuance commitment should be reexamined in commitment conceptualizations. The high correlations between normative and affective commitment also found in meta-analysis, and the bi-dimensionality of continuance commitment suggest the need for modifications of these dimensions Ko, Price & Mueller (1997). After reviewing the importance of organizational commitment in various studies discussed above the researcher has made an attempt to study the factors influencing commitment in the most important banking sector of a very important metropolitan city named Chennai. All the levels in select public and private sector banks except the clerical level (unavailable in the private sector) were studied using a standardized questionnaire. The method and findings are discussed below.
3. Methods
The methodology of the study is based on the primary as well as secondary data. The study depends mainly on the primary data collected through a well-framed and structured questionnaire to elicit the well-considered opinions of the respondents. The study is confined to a few selected Public and New Private Sector Banks in Chennai. The researcher has taken 8 PSBs and 5 NPSBs located in Chennai City. Multi-Stage Random Sampling Method was used in the study to select the sample. A total of 120 questionnaires have been distributed and out of which 60 from PSBs and 60 from NPSBs were received. After the scrutiny of these questionnaires, 8 questionnaires from PSBs and 12 questionnaires from NPSBs were rejected on account of incomplete responses. Finally, 100 completed questionnaires were used for the present study.
Multi-Stage Random Sampling Method was used in the study to select the sample. A multistage random sample is constructed by taking a series of simple random samples in stages. In a multistage random sample, a large area, such as a country, is first divided into smaller regions (such as states), and a random sample of these regions is collected. In the second stage, a random sample of smaller areas (such as countries) is taken from within each of the regions chosen in the first stage. Then, in the third stage, a random sample of even smaller areas (such as neighborhoods) is taken from within each of the areas chosen in the second stage. If these areas are sufficiently small for the purposes of the study, then the researcher might stop at the third stage. If not, he or she may continue to sample from the areas chosen in the third stage, etc., until appropriately small areas have been chosen-Valerie J. Easton and John H. McColl's Statistics Glossary v1.1). Similarly in this study out of the whole country Chennai is chosen as the first step, In Chennai whether public sector or private sector bank is the next stage of random sampling and in which level within private or public sector bank is the third step of random sampling. A total of 120 questionnaires have been distributed and out of which 60 from PSBs and 60 from NPSBs were received. After the scrutiny of these questionnaires, 8 questionnaires from PSBs and 12 questionnaires from NPSBs were rejected on account of incomplete responses. Finally, 100 completed questionnaires were used for the present study.
Measurement
The organizational commitment scale consists of 18 items. It was measured on a Likert’s 5 point scale ranging from strong agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and Strongly Disagree. This Questionnaire is independent of Age, Education, and Salary. Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) by Mowday; Steers and Porter, was the scale that was used and its Cronbach’s Alpha Co-efficient was tested and found as 0.881. Sample items were: “I talk up this organization to my friends as a great place to work”, “I am proud to tell others that I am a part of my organization”, “I really care about the success of my organization”.
4. Analysis and Interpretation
Factor analysis was used to reduce a large number of variables into fewer numbers of factors. Factor analysis extracted maximum common variance from all variables and put them into a common score. As an index of all
23
variables, this score was used for further analysis. Principal component analysis is the most common method used by researchers. PCA starts extracting the maximum variance and puts them into the first factor. After that, it removes that variance explained by the first factors and then starts extracting maximum variance for the second factor. This process goes to the last factor. Factor segmentation was done and it is explained through the correlation values derived from the communalities table. Factor analysis by principle component method extracted 3 predominant factors as shown below: The total variance of the 18 items is found to be 84.901 which is significantly greater than the benchmark variance value 60%. The factor segmentation is revealed through the correlation values exhibited in the communalities table. In every factor the variables are loaded based on their high inter correlation coefficient values. Affirmative Commitment is the first factor and it was tested using items. The Affirmative Commitment (AC) is the emotional attachment to one’s organization. The items used were “I really care about the success of my organization – 0.960”, “I have Belief in and acceptance of the values and goals of the organization 0.956”, “I take pleasure in being a member of my organization - 0.950”, “I am proud to tell others that I am a part of my organization - 0.949”, “My organization is the best of all possible organizations to work - 0.801”, “I talk up this organization to my friends as a great place to work - 0.568”.
Continuance Commitment is the second variable was measured using 6 items. The statements used were “My company inspires me to do my best in the way of job performance – 0.972”, “I will not prefer any other organization even if the type of work was similar – 0.946”, “I am willing to put in a great deal of effort beyond what is normally expected in order to help this organization be successful – 0.946”, “I feel I have too few options to consider leaving this organization – 0.927”, “I accept almost any type of assignment in order to keep working for this organization – 0.910”, “It would be too costly for me to leave my organization now - 0.883”, “I am glad that I chose this organization to work for over others at the time of joining – 0.490” Normative Commitment is the third variable and it was measured using 6 items. The items used were “My organization really cares about my well being – 0.907”, “My job requires all of my attention – 0.885”, “My organization helps me when I have a problem - 0.850”, “I am very loyal to my organization – 0.835”, “My organization takes pride in my accomplishment at work – 0.547”.

Table 1: Variance Table
Component Initial Eigen values Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % Affirmative 9.329 51.829 51.829 5.598 31.102 31.102 Continuance 3.435 19.081 70.910 4.934 27.411 58.513 Normative 2.518 13.991 84.901 4.750 26.388 84.901

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
The table 1 explains that among 3 commitments the affirmative commitment pocesses the highest variance of 31.102% followed by continuance commitment which has the variance of 27.411%; finally followed by normative commitment which has 26.388% of variance. On the whole Affirmative commitment is found to have the highest variance of 31.102% contributed by various items that were tested among the employees like “Care for organization success with was the statement with highest loading of (0.960) is found to be influencing the affirmative attachment of an employee with his organization. “Talking about the place of wok as great to friends” with a loading of (0.568) was found to be influencing affirmative commitment comparatively lesser than the other items. Belief in organization, belongingness feelings also influenced the employees’ affirmative attachment level to a moderate level.
Continuance commitment was found to have the next level of variance (27.411%) contributed by various items that were tested among the employees like “company inspiration for job performance” with a loading of 0.972 is found to be influencing the continuance attachment of an employee with his organization. “Choice of organization over others” with a loading of (0.490) was found to be influencing continuance commitment comparatively lesser than the other items. Other items like “preference of organization 0.946”, “organization is successful 0.946”, “few options to consider leaving this organization 0.927”, “acceptance of assignment to
24
keep working for this organization 0.910”, “It would be too costly for me to leave my organization now - 0.883”, were the other items that had moderate influence on continuance attachment of employees in banks. Normative Commitment is the last variable with the least variance of 26.388% contributed by various items that were tested among the employees like “My organization really cares about my well being” with a loading (0.907) was found to be influencing normative commitment to the highest level. “My organization takes pride in my accomplishment at work” with a loading of (0.547) is found to have lesser influence on normative commitment. Others items like “Job attention 0.885, “ organization helps me 0.850”, “loyalty to organization 0.835” were found to have moderate influence on normative commitment of the banking sector employees.
5. Conclusion
This study identified the factors influencing organizational commitment of banking sector employees in Chennai. Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) by Mowday; Steers and Porter was used for the study. It is an 18 item scale that measured the commitment of employees and findings based on the loadings were reduced to three factors as per Principle Component Method namely Affirmative Commitment, Continuance commitment and Normative Commitment. In banks organizational commitment depends upon the optimistic and affirmative commitment of the employees. It shows a positive signal of the employees revealing the commitment and attachment of employees to the organization. It is also found that the bank employees are enthusiastic in reflecting their continuance commitment in their work environment to render maximum service to their customers. The organizational commitment of the bank employees is also emphasized through their normative commitment to their organizational goals. The banking sector has to ensure that the commitment level of employees based on the above discussed factors should be analysed to the extent of its influence in the organization and necessary action as to increasing the commitment level should be ensured. . It has been assumed by organizational behavior research that individuals who express high commitment in their jobs are likely to be more productive, have higher satisfaction and have less likely to resign than employees with low commitment.